A die hard fedora fan from 7-->11. Moves to debian sid to get the most up to date system. Here finds out the good old wine can play most of the Windows games he likes. Now hunt for a OS begins with latest wine. Arch ---> No (latest) wine for amd64. And it ends at Gentoo. Now journey of learning a completely source based OS starts from here. :)
tty is a Unix command that prints to standard output the name of the file connected to standard input. The name of the program comes from teletypewriter, abbreviated "TTY".
pts stands for pseudo terminal slave. A terminal (or console) is a keyboard/screen combination you sit and type at. Old UNIX boxes would have dozens of them hanging off the back, all connected with miles of cable. A pseudo terminal provides just the same facility only without the hardware. In other words, it's an xterm window or a konsole window, or whatever utility you use. They pop into life as you ask for them and get given sequential numbers: pts/0, then pts/1 and so on.
In my last blog, I wrote about how to run servlets in Fedora. As most of us use Windows not Fedora, so it forced me to write on running servlets in Windows XP. For my surprise it is more simple and easy than Fedora. So let's start.....
1. We need two things for running servlets in Windows XP: Sun Java SDK of course and tomcat. If you don't have Sun Java SDK, download the latest from http://72.5.124.55/javase/downloads/index.jsp
2. Install Java SDK. Now we have to set the environment variables for Java else we have to type the whole path of java compiler and interpreter each time to compile and run any Java Program. For doing that
i. Go to Start -> Control Panel. If its not in Classical view then choose 'switch to Classical View'. Double click on System icon. Now you'll be seeing a System Properties dialog box similar to the following.
ii. Now click on Advanced tab, You will see a button named Environment Variables at the Bottom of it. Click on it and now you'll see a dialog box similar to the following.
iii. On User variables, click on New. Now for Variable name enter 'path' and for Variable value enter the path of your JDK bin files directory. If you didn't change your default installation directory during installation it'll be something like 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_03\bin\' where jdk1.6.0_03 will be replaced by your version of Java SDK. Click OK.
iv. Check that you correctly set the environment variable. Start -> Run. Type cmd. Now in Command Prompt type
java -version
It should give the output like this.
3. Install tomcat6. Start Tomcat by finding its start program in the Programs Menu (located in the Start menu). Look under Apache tomcat 6.0 and click Monitor Tomcat. In your notification area on taskbar Apache Tomcat icon will come. Double click on it and you'll see a dialog box. Start tomcat If it is not already started.
For more information on installation and setup tomcat visit the following links:
5. Now for compiling java servlets program you have to set the CLASSPATH environment variable to include the servlet-api.jar package path which will be 'C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 6.0\lib\servlet-api.jar' for default installation directory. Change the path if you changed the installation directory. Now again set it using the same procedure for setting environment variables for Java. Remember to click on New button of User variables not System variables.
6. Now we'll take a sample servlet program and will name it as MyHelloWorld.java
Save it using notepad as MyHelloWorld.java. Now compile it using javac command from the command prompt.
7. Now go to the tomcat installation directory. For default installation it would be C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Tomcat 6.0 here You will find webapp directory. Inside webapp directory make a directory named test. In this directory we will keep our web applications. Inside test, create directory WEB-INF. Inside WEB-INF create directory classes. Now inside classes we'll keep both our source and class files.
8. Copy the MyHelloWorld.java and MyHelloWorld.class files to the directory classes. Now to run our servlet we have to write our own web.xml file in the WEB-INF directory. Tomcat server reads the file web.xml to get information about the servlets. We'll open a file in notepad and copy and paste the following contents in the file. Save the file in the WEB-INF directory with the name web.xml
In the file the tags <servlet-name> and <servlet-class> gives the information about servlet-name and servlet-class and the tag <url-pattern> tells about the URL pattern to run the servlet.
18/10/2007 I was wondering for last two days to compile and run my java servlet programs on Fedora. But I couldn't find any useful information on internet. After much research and trial and errors I finally got to run servlets on Fedora. And this is how I did this, I think this might be useful for another novice like me. I have used the backward approach for this tutorial. It means problems first and then the solutions. Of course I could have used the straight approach like do this this and this and you are done. But I think that wont be much useful as you wouldn't know what thing is needed for what.
1. First thing first, before running servlets you need to compile them. And for that you need Sun Java SDK installed on your system. I'm assuming that you have it already on your system. If not you can go through this blog to find how to install it in Fedora. http://mann-linuxproject.blogspot.com/2007/07/finally-jdk-is-installed.html
2. For compiling and running you also need tomcat installed on your system. You can choose Tomcat alone or with Apache. I preferred the second one. Install Apache by the command
Type the program in a text editor and save the file as DemoServlet.java.
So like every java program, we'll use javac to compile the program.
javac DemoServlet.java
Even if you didn't did any typing mistakes, you are more likely to get the errors
DemoServlet.java:4: package javax.servlet does not exist import javax.servlet.*; ^ DemoServlet.java:5: package javax.servlet.http does not exist import javax.servlet.http.*; ^
If this is the case it means that our CLASSPATH environment is not set. Workaround for this problem is to append the line export CLASSPATH=/usr/share/java/servletapi5.jar to your .bash_profile or .bashrc file. These files will be in your home directory and will be hidden. Or one can alternatively type the above command each time he logins to compile servlet programs.
After adding the line you have to do a logout and login to reset the environment variables. Now again compile the program. Now it should not give the above errors and if you have typed the program correctly it'll compile successfully.
4. So we have compiled the program now how to run it. We can't just type java DemoSevlet to run the program here. Now we need Tomcat. login as root and make a directory in the tomcat web-application directory by the command
Inside classes directory we'll keep our servlet source and corresponding compiled class files. So copy the DemoServlet.java and DemoServlet.class files to this directory.
Replace /path/to with your own paths to DemoServlet.java and DemoServlet.class Now in WEB-INF directory we'll create web.xml file which will give information about our servlets to Tomcat server.
While you are still logged as root go to the directory
cd /var/lib/tomcat5/webapps/test/WEB-INF/
Create the file web.xml using gedit
gedit web.xml
Now you should enter the following contents in the file and then save and quit.
In the file the tags <servlet-name> and<servlet-class> gives the information about servlet-name and servlet-class and the tag<url-pattern> tells about the URL pattern to run the servlet.
5. Start the Apache server by command
service httpd start
Now test Apache Server by typing address http://localhost/ in your browser.
16/07/07 I learned today how to block a website using iptables command. You just have to type the following
iptables -I INPUT -s -d 0/0 -j DROP
I blocked orkut by using
iptables -I INPUT -s www.orkut.com -d 0/0 -j DROP
It is recommended to use IP addresses instead of hostname. But I used hostname, so that my roommates have no difficulty in deleting the rule.
To know all the possible IP addresses of a website, use
host
Most of the times it'll give more than one addresses, so you have to define a rule for every IP address using the same syntax and it is highly recommended to use IP addresses than the hostname. To delete the rule, the syntax is same. You have to only replace I with D
iptables -D INPUT -s -d 0/0 -j DROP
In my case I used
iptables -D INPUT -s www.orkut.com -d 0/0 -j DROP
I also edited my /etc/rc.d/rc.local file so that this rule will automatically load during boot time. I also edited one entry there. I deleted the line
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
This line was for enabling my computer to forward the ip packets from other computer to internet using my computer as gateway. So instead of setting the value of ip_forward by echo command, I edited the Linux kernel config file:/etc/sysctl.conf and set the following value
13/06/07- I cannot install my TV tuner card in fedora (this problem is irrelevant to my project, but i want it to be solved) Symptoms: I am unable to use my frontech TV tuner card model number jil-0606. Fedora cannot recognize this card. Causes: Its a cheap card and manufacture didn't provide the sufficient information on its EEPROM. So fedora cannot recognize it automatically and hence driver is not loaded.
Solutions tried: 1. From internet and using the commands dmesg and Lspci -v, i was able to figure out that it is saa7130 chip based card. The thing to do here is to figure out the card type and tuner number by yourself and load the modules . 2. But in fedora there are 108 cards with different tuner number number. The last tuner number I tried was 71 and the list was more than 71 I think. So I sticked to card number 3 and tried different variations of tuner number from 1 to 71. I used modprobe saa7134 card=3 tuner=x command where x is the tuner number. I used dmesg after each modprobe to see what system the tuner belongs. I used TvTime to check whether these settings are working. After checking each module, i had to unload them by rmmod saa7134 command, so that the next module can be loaded. 3. I got the TV signals on tuner number 6,22,24,35,42,49 and 60. When i reached 71 it hanged. 4. The TV broadcasting system in India uses PAL B standard. But unfortunately there was not any standard in the tuner like that it was PAL or PAL_BG. Unfortunately the tuners on which I got the TV signal was of varying standards. They were: 6 - Temic NTSC 22 - Temic PAL/SECAM multi 24 - Philips PAL/SECAM multi 35 - Temic PAL_DK/SECAM_2 42 - Philips 1236D ATSC/NTSC Dual 49 - Microtune 4042 FI5 ATSC/NTSC Dual in 60 - Thomson DTT 761X(ATSC/NTSC) One thing to note here is PAL_DK is as much as different to PAL as PAL to NTSC. In all the cases i was able to get only picture but no sound from my card. Also I was not able to scan the channels because there was a message 'No Frequency' in TvTime. So i guess the card number is not correct as well as the tuner number. So in last 'm again where i started from. The main problem is the card itself. It doesn't specify sufficient about it in its EEPROM. Solution: Problem solved on 27/06/07 Actually the problem was tvtime software, which just couldn't recognize my card for my thousands of attempts. It's really thousand attempts, I wasted too much time for trying different cards and tuners. I installed kdetv that comes with fedora 7. First i tried different cards from my chosen 37 cards ( I identified the cards that have the same input as my Frontech card ) and tuner number 5. In first attempt I got only one channel that can be barely seen. Then i tried the card=17 tuner=37 and I got four channels with good picture. Then from channel configuration of kdetv I chose manual channel selection, didn't touch the maximum and minimum frequency and set the interval for searching 1MHz and I got all the channels.
But now I was not getting any sound. I again searched the internet and found the answer. I changed the cardnumber to 3 and everything get solved. I added the line options saa7134 card=3 tuner=37 in /etc/modprobe.conf so that the module will be automatically loaded at the boot time.
12/06/07- Unable to share the internet connection between fedora and Windows xp systems Symptoms: 1. Unable to connect from windows xp laptop to internet through fedora desktop system. The gateway for windows xp was set rightly it was 192.168.0.1. That is the ip address of fedora system. Solution: problem solved on12/06/07 1. I did the following changes: i went to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 it was something like: # Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=none HWADDR=00:16:76:87:37:37 ONBOOT=yes TYPE=Ethernet USERCTL=no IPV6INIT=no PEERDNS=yes NETMASK=255.255.255.0 IPADDR=192.168.0.1 I added one line there to form a LAN BROADCAST=192.168.0.255 It enabled fedora system to listen to all the systems in LAN. 2. I went to /etc/rc.d/rc.local and added the following lines in the file /sbin/iptables --flush /sbin/iptables --table nat --flush /sbin/iptables --delete-chain /sbin/iptables --table nat --delete-chain /sbin/iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --out-interface ppp0 -j MASQUERADE /sbin/iptables --append FORWARD --in-interface eth0 -j ACCEPT echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 3. I opened windows system and changes the DNS Server address to those of my ISP TATA VSNL. Of course i didnt change the gateway address. and its done my dear friend. I'm very happy to solve this problem because the way i used to form a LAN i didnt found that help on net. there was a command /sbin/ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 but you have to run it every time you boot or add it in /etc/rc.d/rc.local file. But i chose my own alternate option. Second thing was we have to run the iptables command manually every time system boots. so i added them in /etc/rc.d/rc.local file. And it was also not easy u have to find the absolute path for the iptables command. Luckily fedora has all its commands in /sbin directory. So I finally set it up. And god I spent my six hours on it. Trying and failing trying and failing. But in last I succeeded.
Symptoms:
Symptoms:
